Beer and health

Moderate Consumption as Part of a Healthy Lifestyle

Please select a language :

Bier & gezondheid

REFERENTIES

REFERENTIES

  1. Mäkelä P, Gmel G, Grittner U et al. (2006). Drinking patterns and their gender differences in Europe. Alcohol Alcohol Suppl, 41(1):i8-18.
  2. Gordon R, Heim D, and MacAskill S (2012). Rethinking drinking cultures: A review of drinking cultures and a reconstructed dimensional approach. Public Health, 126(1):3-11.
  3. Popova S, Rehm J, Patra J et al. (2007). Comparing alcohol consumption in central and eastern Europe to other European countries. Alcohol Alcohol,42(5):465-473.
  4. Hughes K, Quigg Z, Bellis MA et al. (2011). Drinking behaviours and blood alcohol concentration in four European drinking environments: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 11:918.
  5. Heath DB (1995). An anthropological view of alcohol and culture in international perspective. In International handbook on alcohol and culture. Greenwood Pub Group, pp328-347.
  6. Roerecke M, and Rehm J (2014). Alcohol consumption, drinking patterns, and ischemic heart disease: a narrative review of meta-analyses and a systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of heavy drinking occasions on risk for moderate drinkers. BMC Med, 12(1):182.
  7. Jackson KM (2008). Heavy episodic drinking: determining the predictive utility of five or more drinks. Psychol Addict Behav, 22(1):68-77.
  8. Mukamal KJ, Jensen MK, Grønbaek M et al. (2005). Drinking frequency, mediating biomarkers, and risk of myocardial infarction in women and men. Circulation, 112(10):1406-1413.
  9. Mukamal KJ, Maclure M, Muller JE et al. (2005). Binge drinking and mortality after acute myocardial infarction. Circulation, 112(25):3839-3845.
  10. Roerecke M, and Rehm J (2010). Irregular heavy drinking occasions and risk of ischemic heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Epidemiol, 171(6):633-644.
  11. Poli A, Marangoni F, Avogaro A et al. (2013). Moderate alcohol use and health: a consensus document. Nutr Met Cardiovasc Dis, 23(6):487-504.
  12. Goñi I, Díaz-Rubio ME, and Saura-Calixto F (2009). Dietary fiber in beer: content, composition, colonic fermentability, and contribution to the diet. In Beer in Health and Disease prevention, pp299-307.
  13. Jugdaohsingh R (2007). Silicon and bone health. J Nutr Health Aging, 11(2):99.
  14. Dietary reference values and dietary guidelines [Internet]. Cited 26 Oct 2015. Retrieved from: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/topics/topic/drv
  15. Nutrient requirements – British Nutrition Foundation [Internet]. Cited 26 Oct 2015. Retrieved from: nutrition.org.uk/nutritionscience/nutrients/nutrient-requirements.html
  16. DRI Tables and Application Reports [Internet]. Cited 26 Oct 2015. Retrieved from: https://fnic.nal.usda.gov/dietary-guidance/dietary-reference-intakes/dri-tables-and-application-reports
  17. van der Gaag MS, Ubbink JB, Sillanaukee P et al. (2000). Effect of consumption of red wine, spirits, and beer on serum homocysteine. Lancet, 355(9214):1522.
  18. Romeo J, Díaz L, González-Gross M et al. (2006). Contribución a la ingesta de macro y micronutrientes que ejerce un consumo moderado de cerveza. Nutrición Hospitalaria, 21(1):84-91.
  19. Mayer O, Simon J, and Rosolová H (2001). A population study of the influence of beer consumption on folate and homocysteine concentrations. Eur J Clin Nutr, 55(7):605-609.
  20. Owens JE, Clifford AJ, and Bamforth CW (2007). Folate in beer. J Inst Brew, 113(3):243-248.
  21. Clarke R, Halsey J, Lewington S et al. (2010). Effects of lowering homocysteine levels with B vitamins on cardiovascular disease, cancer, and cause-specific mortality: meta-analysis of 8 randomized trials involving 37 485 individuals. Arch Med Res, 170(18):1622-1631.
  22. Clarke R, Bennett D, Parish S et al. (2014). Effects of homocysteine lowering with B vitamins on cognitive aging: meta-analysis of 11 trials with cognitive data on 22,000 individuals. Am J Clin Nutr, 100(2):657-666.
  23. Sohrabvandi S, Mortazavian AM, and Rezaei K (2012). Health-related aspects of beer: a review. Int J Food Prop, 15(2):350-373.
  24. Montanari L, Mayer H, Marconi O, Fantozzi P, and Preedy VR (2009). Minerals in beer. In Beer in Health and Disease Prevention, pp359-365.
  25. Jurkić LM, Cepanec I, Pavelić SK et al. (2013). Biological and therapeutic effects of ortho-silicic acid and some ortho-silicic acid-releasing compounds: New perspectives for therapy. Nutr Metab,10(1):2.
  26. Casey TR, and Bamforth CW (2010). Silicon in beer and brewing. J Sci Food Agric, 90(5):784-788.
  27. Sripanyakorn S, Jugdaohsingh R, Elliott H et al. (2004). The silicon content of beer and its bioavailability in healthy volunteers. Br J Nutr, 91(3):403-409.
  28. Jugdaohsingh R, Tucker KL, Qiao N et al. (2004). Dietary silicon intake is positively associated with bone mineral density in men and premenopausal women of the Framingham Offspring cohort. J Bone Miner Res, 19(2):297-307.
  29. Bamforth CW (2002). Nutritional aspects of beer a review. Nutr Research, 22(1):227-237.
  30. Pandey KB, and Rizvi SI (2009). Plant polyphenols as dietary antioxidants in human health and disease. Oxid Med Cell Longev, 2(5):270-278.
  31. Suter PM (2001). Alcohol and mortality: if you drink, do not forget fruits and vegetables. Nutr Rev, 59(9):293-297.
  32. Arranz S, Chiva-Blanch G, Valderas-Martínez P et al. (2012). Wine, beer, alcohol and polyphenols on cardiovascular disease and cancer. Nutrients, 4(7):759-781.
  33. Chiva-Blanch G, Arranz S, Lamuela-Raventos RM et al. (2013). Effects of wine, alcohol and polyphenols on cardiovascular disease risk factors: evidences from human studies. Alcohol Alcohol, 48(3):270-277.
  34. Scientific opinion on the substantiation of a health claim related to barley beta-glucans and lowering of blood cholesterol and reduced risk of (coronary) heart disease pursuant to Article 14 of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 [Internet]. Retrieved from: efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/scientific_output/files/main_documents/2471.pdf
  35. Mustalahti K, Catassi C, Reunanen A et al. (2010). The prevalence of celiac disease in Europe: results of a centralized, international mass screening project. Ann Med, 42(8):587-595.
  36. Tanner GJ, Colgrave ML, Blundell MJ et al. (2013). Measuring hordein (gluten) in beer – a comparison of ELISA and mass spectrometry. PLoS One, 8(2):e56452.
  37. Gluten Free Diet [Internet]. Cited Jul 2015. Retrieved from: aoecs.org/?q=gluten-free-diet
  38. Hager A-S, Taylor JP, Waters DM et al. (2014). Gluten free beer – A review. Trends Food Sci Technol, 36(1):44-54.
  39. Mitchell MC, Teigen EL, and Ramchandani VA (2014). Absorption and peak blood alcohol concentration after drinking beer, wine, or spirits. Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 38(5):1200-1204.
  40. Roine RP, Gentry RT, Lim RT et al. (1993). Comparison of blood alcohol concentrations after beer and whiskey. Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 17(3):709-711.
  41. Bendsen NT, Christensen R, Bartels EM et al. (2013). Is beer consumption related to measures of abdominal and general obesity? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Rev, 71(2):67-87.
  42. Berghöfer A, Pischon T, Reinhold T et al. (2008). Obesity prevalence from a European perspective: a systematic review. BMC Public Health, 8:200.
  43. EC | Overweight and obesity – BMI statistics – Statistics Explained [Internet]. Cited 29 Sep 2015. Retrieved from: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Overweight_and_obesity_-_BMI_statistics
  44. Swinburn BA, Sacks G, Hall KD et al. (2011). The global obesity pandemic: shaped by global drivers and local environments. Lancet, 378(9793):804-814.
  45. Mokdad AH, Ford ES, Bowman BA et al. (2003). Prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and obesity-related health risk factors, 2001. JAMA, 289(1):76-79.
  46. Canoy D, Boekholdt SM, Wareham N et al. (2007). Body fat distribution and risk of coronary heart disease in men and women in the European Prospective Investigation Into Cancer and Nutrition in Norfolk cohort: a population-based prospective study. Circulation, 116(25):2933-2943.
  47. Pischon T, Nöthlings U, and Boeing H (2008). Obesity and cancer. Proc Nutr Soc, 67(2):128-145.
  48. Pischon T, Boeing H, Hoffmann K et al. (2008). General and abdominal adiposity and risk of death in Europe. N Engl J Med, 359(20):2105-2120.
  49. Whitlock G, Lewington S, Sherliker P et al. (2009). Body-mass index and cause-specific mortality in 900 000 adults: collaborative analyses of 57 prospective studies. Lancet, 373(9669):1083-1096.
  50. Bijlsma JW, Berenbaum F, and Lafeber FP (2011). Osteoarthritis: an update with relevance for clinical practice. Lancet, 377(9783):2115-2126.
  51. Bradshaw T, and Mairs H (2014). Obesity and serious mental ill health: A critical review of the literature. Healthcare, 2(2):166-182.
  52. Buiatti S (2009). Beer composition: an overview. In Beer in health and disease prevention, pp213-226.
  53. Buemann B, and Astrup A (2001). How does the body deal with energy from alcohol? Nutrition, 17(7-8):638-641.
  54. Traversy G, and Chaput J-P (2015). Alcohol consumption and obesity: an update. Curr Obes Rep, 4(1):122-130.
  55. Ferreira MPLVO (2009). Beer Carbohydrates. In Beer in Health and Disease Prevention, pp291-298.
  56. Yeomans MR (2010). Alcohol, appetite and energy balance: is alcohol intake a risk factor for obesity? Physiology and Behavior, 100(1):82-89.
  57. Schrieks IC, Stafleu A, Griffioen-Roose S et al. (2015). Moderate alcohol consumption stimulates food intake and food reward of savoury foods. Appetite, 89:77-83.
  58. Sayon-Orea C, Martinez-Gonzalez MA, and Bes-Rastrollo M (2011). Alcohol consumption and body weight: a systematic review. Nutr Rev, 69(8):419-431.
  59. Dumesnil C, Dauchet L, Ruidavets JB et al. (2013). Alcohol consumption patterns and body weight. Ann Nutr Metab, 62(2):91-97.
  60. Arif AA, and Rohrer JE (2005). Patterns of alcohol drinking and its association with obesity: data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. BMC Public Health, 5(1):126.
  61. Breslow RA, and Smothers BA (2005). Drinking patterns and body mass index in never smokers: National Health Interview Survey, 1997-2001. Am J Epidemiol, 161(4):368-376.
  62. Tolstrup JS, Heitmann BL, Tjønneland AM et al. (2005). The relation between drinking pattern and body mass index and waist and hip circumference. Int J Obes, 29(5):490-497.
  63. Thomson CA, Wertheim BC, Hingle M et al. (2012). Alcohol consumption and body weight change in postmenopausal women: results from the Women’s Health Initiative. Int J Obes, 36(9):1158-1164.
  64. Colditz GA, Giovannucci E, Rimm EB et al. (1991). Alcohol intake in relation to diet and obesity in women and men. Am J Clin Nutr, 54(1):49-55.
  65. Liu S, Serdula MK, Williamson DF et al. (1994). A prospective study of alcohol intake and change in body weight among US adults. Am J Epidemiol, 140(10):912-920.
  66. Lahti-Koski M, Pietinen P, Heliövaara M et al. (2002). Associations of body mass index and obesity with physical activity, food choices, alcohol intake, and smoking in the 1982-1997 FINRISK Studies. Am J Clin Nutr, 75(5):809-817.
  67. Wannamethee SG, Field AE, Colditz GA et al. (2004). Alcohol intake and 8-year weight gain in women: a prospective study. Obes Res, 12(9):1386-1396.
  68. Barry D, and Petry NM (2009). Associations between body mass index and substance use disorders differ by gender: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Addict Behav, 34(1):51-60.
  69. Wang L, Lee IM, Manson JE et al. (2010). Alcohol consumption, weight gain, and risk of becoming overweight in middle-aged and older women. Arch Intern Med, 170(5):453-461.
  70. Mozaffarian D, Hao T, Rimm EB et al. (2011). Changes in diet and lifestyle and long-term weight gain in women and men. N Engl J Med, 364(25):2392-2404.
  71. Buemann B, Toubro S, and Astrup A (2002). The effect of wine or beer versus a carbonated soft drink, served at a meal, on ad libitum energy intake. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord, 26(10):1367-1372.
  72. McCann SE, Sempos C, Freudenheim JL et al. (2003). Alcoholic beverage preference and characteristics of drinkers and nondrinkers in western New York (United States). Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis, 13(1):2-11.
  73. Ruidavets J-B, Bataille V, Dallongeville J et al. (2004). Alcohol intake and diet in France, the prominent role of lifestyle. Eur Heart J, 25(13):1153-1162.
  74. Johansen D, Friis K, Skovenborg E et al. (2006). Food buying habits of people who buy wine or beer: cross sectional study. BMJ, 332(7540):519-522.
  75. Djoussé L, Arnett DK, Eckfeldt JH et al. (2004). Alcohol consumption and metabolic syndrome: does the type of beverage matter? Obes Res, 12(9):1375-1385.
  76. Paschall M, and Lipton RI (2005). Wine preference and related health determinants in a U.S. national sample of young adults. Drug Alcohol Depend, 78(3):339-344.
  77. O’Neill S, and O’Driscoll L (2015). Metabolic syndrome: a closer look at the growing epidemic and its associated pathologies. Obes Rev, 16(1):1-12.
  78. EUFIC | The Metabolic Syndrome epidemic [Internet]. Cited 21 Sep 2015. Retrieved from: eufic.org/article/en/diet-related-diseases/diabetes/artid/metabolic-syndrome-epidemic/
  79. Alkerwi A, Boutsen M, Vaillant M et al. (2009). Alcohol consumption and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Atherosclerosis, 204(2):624-635.
  80. Sun K, Ren M, Liu D et al. (2014). Alcohol consumption and risk of metabolic syndrome: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Clin Nutr, 33(4):596-602.
  81. Cederbaum AI (2012). Alcohol metabolism. Clin Liver Dis, 16(4):667-685.
  82. Whitney E, and Rolfes SR (2008). Alcohol and Nutrition. In Understanding Nutrition. Eleventh. Thomson Wadsworth, pp242-243.
  83. Lieber CS (2004). The discovery of the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system and its physiologic and pathologic role. Drug Metab Rev, 36(3-4):511-529.
  84. Suter PM, Schutz Y, and Jequier E (1992). The effect of ethanol on fat storage in healthy subjects. N Engl J Med, 326(15):983-987.
  85. Raben A, Agerholm-Larsen L, Flint A et al. (2003). Meals with similar energy densities but rich in protein, fat, carbohydrate, or alcohol have different effects on energy expenditure and substrate metabolism but not on appetite and energy intake. Am J Clin Nutr, 77(1):91-100.
  86. Sluik D, Bezemer R, Sierksma A et al. (2015). Alcoholic beverage preference and dietary habits: a systematic literature review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, Epub.
  87. Maughan RJ (2006). Alcohol and football. J Sports Sci, 24(7):741-748.
  88. Shirreffs SM, and Maughan RJ (1997). Restoration of fluid balance after exercise-induced dehydration: effects of alcohol consumption. J Appl Physiol, 83(4):1152-1158.
  89. Hobson RM, and Maughan RJ (2010). Hydration status and the diuretic action of a small dose of alcohol. Alcohol Alcohol, 45(4):366-373.
  90. Desbrow B, Murray D, and Leveritt M (2013). Beer as a sports drink? Manipulating beers ingredients to replace lost fluid. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab, 23(6):593-600.
  91. Jiménez-Pavón D, Cervantes-Borunda MS, Díaz LE et al. (2015). Effects of a moderate intake of beer on markers of hydration after exercise in the heat: a crossover study. J Int Soc Sports Nutr, 12:26.
  92. Haastrup MB, Pottegård A, and Damkier P (2014). Alcohol and breastfeeding. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol, 114(2):168-173.
  93. Koletzko B, and Lehner F (2000). Beer and breastfeeding. Adv Exp Med Biol, 478:23-28.
  94. Codoñer-Franch P, Hernández-Aguilar MT, Navarro-Ruiz A et al. (2013). Diet supplementation during early lactation with non-alcoholic beer increases the antioxidant properties of breastmilk and decreases the oxidative damage in breastfeeding mothers. Breastfeed Med, 8:164-169.
  95. Franco L, Sánchez C, Bravo R et al. (2012). The sedative effect of non-alcoholic beer in healthy female nurses. PLoS One, 7(7):e37290.
  96. Franco L, Bravo R, Galán C et al. (2014). Effect of non-alcoholic beer on Subjective Sleep Quality in a university stressed population. Acta Physiol Hung, 101(3):353-361.
  97. Franco L, Galán C, Bravo R et al. (2015). Effect of non-alcohol beer on anxiety: Relationship of 5-HIAA. Neurochem J, 9(2):149-152.
  98. Chiva-Blanch G, Condines X, Magraner E et al. (2014). The non-alcoholic fraction of beer increases stromal cell derived factor 1 and the number of circulating endothelial progenitor cells in high cardiovascular risk subjects: a randomized clinical trial. Atherosclerosis, 233(2):518-524.
  99. Chiva-Blanch G, Magraner E, Condines X et al. (2015). Effects of alcohol and polyphenols from beer on atherosclerotic biomarkers in high cardiovascular risk men: a randomized feeding trial. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis, 25(1):36-45.
  100. O’Leary CM, and Bower C (2012). Guidelines for pregnancy: what’s an acceptable risk, and how is the evidence (finally) shaping up? Drug Alcohol Rev, 31(2):170-183.
  101. Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 December 2006 on nutrition and health claims made on foods. OJ L, 404:9-25.
  102. Nichols M, Townsend N, Scarborough P et al. (2014). Cardiovascular disease in Europe 2014: epidemiological update. Eur Heart J, 35(42):2929.
  103. Ronksley PE, Brien SE, Turner BJ et al. (2011). Association of alcohol consumption with selected cardiovascular disease outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ, 342:d671.
  104. Manson JE, Tosteson H, Ridker PM et al. (1992). The primary prevention of myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med, 326(21):1406-1416.
  105. Pedersen JØ, Heitmann BL, Schnohr P et al. (2008). The combined influence of leisure-time physical activity and weekly alcohol intake on fatal ischaemic heart disease and all-cause mortality. Eur Heart J, 29(2):204-212.
  106. Corrao G, Rubbiati L, Bagnardi V et al. (2000). Alcohol and coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis. Addiction, 95(10):1505-1523.
  107. Mukamal KJ, Chiuve SE, and Rimm EB (2006). Alcohol consumption and risk for coronary heart disease in men with healthy lifestyles. Arch Intern Med, 166(19):2145-2150.
  108. Patra J, Taylor B, Irving H et al. (2010). Alcohol consumption and the risk of morbidity and mortality for different stroke types – a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health, 10:258.
  109. King DE, Mainous AG, and Geesey ME (2008). Adopting moderate alcohol consumption in middle age: subsequent cardiovascular events. Am J Med, 121(3):201-206.
  110. Mukamal KJ, Conigrave KM, Mittleman MA et al. (2003). Roles of drinking pattern and type of alcohol consumed in coronary heart disease in men. N Engl J Med, 348(2):109-118.
  111. Sesso HD, Stampfer MJ, Rosner B et al. (2000). Seven-year changes in alcohol consumption and subsequent risk of cardiovascular disease in men. Arch Intern Med, 160(17):2605-2612.
  112. Briasoulis A, Agarwal V, and Messerli FH (2012). Alcohol consumption and the risk of hypertension in men and women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Hypertens, 14(11):792-798.
  113. Urbano-Marquez A, Estruch R, Navarro-Lopez F et al. (1989). The effects of alcoholism on skeletal and cardiac muscle. N Engl J Med, 320(7):409-415.
  114. Conen D, Tedrow UB, Cook NR et al. (2008). Alcohol consumption and risk of incident atrial fibrillation in women. JAMA, 300(21):2489-2496.
  115. Mukamal KJ, Tolstrup JS, Friberg J et al. (2005). Alcohol consumption and risk of atrial fibrillation in men and women: the Copenhagen City Heart Study. Circulation, 112(12):1736-1742.
  116. Rimm EB, Williams P, Fosher K et al. (1999). Moderate alcohol intake and lower risk of coronary heart disease: meta-analysis of effects on lipids and haemostatic factors. BMJ, 319(7224):1523-1528.
  117. Rader DJ, Alexander ET, Weibel GL et al. (2009). The role of reverse cholesterol transport in animals and humans and relationship to atherosclerosis. J Lipid Res, 50 Suppl:S189-S194.
  118. Sierksma A, Vermunt SH, Lankhuizen IM et al. (2004). Effect of moderate alcohol consumption on parameters of reverse cholesterol transport in postmenopausal women. Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 28(4):662-626.
  119. Brinton EA (2010). Effects of ethanol intake on lipoproteins and atherosclerosis. Curr Opin Lipidol, 21(4):346-351.
  120. van der Gaag MS, van Tol A, Scheek LM et al. (1999). Daily moderate alcohol consumption increases serum paraoxonase activity; a diet-controlled, randomised intervention study in middle-aged men. Atherosclerosis, 147(2):405-410.
  121. Brien SE, Ronksley PE, Turner BJ et al. (2011). Effect of alcohol consumption on biological markers associated with risk of coronary heart disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of interventional studies. BMJ, 342:d636.
  122. Imhof A, Froehlich M, Brenner H et al. (2001). Effect of alcohol consumption on systemic markers of inflammation. Lancet, 357(9258):763-767.
  123. Sierksma A, van der Gaag MS, Kluft C et al. (2002). Moderate alcohol consumption reduces plasma C-reactive protein and fibrinogen levels; a randomized, diet-controlled intervention study. Eur J Clin Nutr, 56(11):1130-1136.
  124. Estruch R, Sacanella E, Badia E et al. (2004). Different effects of red wine and gin consumption on inflammatory biomarkers of atherosclerosis: a prospective randomized crossover trial. Effects of wine on inflammatory markers. Atherosclerosis, 175(1):117-123.
  125. Huang C, Zhan J, Liu YJ et al. (2014). Association between alcohol consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in patients with hypertension: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Mayo Clin Proc, 89(9):1201-1210.
  126. Muntwyler J, Hennekens CH, Buring JE et al. (1998). Mortality and light to moderate alcohol consumption after myocardial infarction. Lancet, 352(9144):1882-1885.
  127. Niroomand F, Hauer O, Tiefenbacher CP et al. (2004). Influence of alcohol consumption on restenosis rate after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty and stent implantation. Heart, 90(10):1189-1193.
  128. Heidrich J, Wellmann J, Döring A et al. (2007). Alcohol consumption, alcohol dehydrogenase and risk of coronary heart disease in the MONICA/KORA-Augsburg cohort 1994/1995-2002. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil, 14(6):769-774.
  129. Tolstrup JS, Grønbaek M, and Nordestgaard BG (2009). Alcohol intake, myocardial infarction, biochemical risk factors, and alcohol dehydrogenase genotypes. Circ Cardiovasc Genet, 2(5):507-514.
  130. Holmes MV, Dale CE, Zuccolo L et al. (2014). Association between alcohol and cardiovascular disease: Mendelian randomisation analysis based on individual participant data. BMJ, 349:g4164.
  131. Israel Y. Response: Association between alcohol and cardiovascular disease: Mendelian randomisation analysis based on individual participant data [Internet]. Retrieved from: bmj.com/content/349/bmj.g4164/rr/763820
  132. Edenberg HJ (2007). The genetics of alcohol metabolism: role of alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase variants. Alcohol Res Health, 30(1):5-13.
  133. Galkina E, and Ley K (2009). Immune and inflammatory mechanisms of atherosclerosis. Annu Rev Immunol, 27:165-197.
  134. Finn AV, Nakano M, Narula J et al. (2010). Concept of vulnerable/unstable plaque. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 30(7):1282-1292.
  135. World Heart Federation | Cardiovascular disease risk factors [Internet]. Cited Apr 2015. Retrieved from: world-heart-federation.org/press/fact-sheets/cardiovascular-disease-risk-factors/
  136. Renaud S, and de Lorgeril M (1992). Wine, alcohol, platelets, and the French paradox for coronary heart disease. Lancet, 339(8808):1523-1526.
  137. Costanzo S, Di Castelnuovo A, Donati MB et al. (2011). Wine, beer or spirit drinking in relation to fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events: a meta-analysis. Eur J Epidemiol, 26(11):833-850.
  138. Chiva-Blanch G, Urpi-Sarda M, Llorach R et al. (2012). Differential effects of polyphenols and alcohol of red wine on the expression of adhesion molecules and inflammatory cytokines related to atherosclerosis: a randomized clinical trial. Am J Clin Nutr, 95(2):326-334.
  139. Chiva-Blanch G, Condines X, Magraner E et al. (2014). The non-alcoholic fraction of beer increases stromal cell derived factor 1 and the number of circulating endothelial progenitor cells in high cardiovascular risk subjects: a randomized clinical trial. Atherosclerosis, 233(2):518-524.
  140. Chiva-Blanch G, Magraner E, Condines X et al. (2015). Effects of alcohol and polyphenols from beer on atherosclerotic biomarkers in high cardiovascular risk men: A randomized feeding trial. Nutr Metab Cardiovas Dis, 25(1):36-45.
  141. Stamler J (2005). Established major risk factors: historical overview. In Coronary heart disease epidemiology – from aetiology to public health. 2. Oxford Scholarship, pp18-31.
  142. van den Elzen AP, Sierksma A, Oren A et al. (2005). Alcohol intake and aortic stiffness in young men and women. J Hypertens, 23(4):731-735.
  143. Hvidtfeldt UA, Tolstrup JS, Jakobsen MU et al. (2010). Alcohol intake and risk of coronary heart disease in younger, middle-aged, and older adults. Circulation, 121(14):1589-1597.
  144. Okwuosa TM, Klein O, Chan C et al. (2013). Long-term change in alcohol-consumption status and variations in fibrinogen levels: the coronary artery risk development in young adults (CARDIA) study. BMJ Open, 3(7). Epub.
  145. WHO Europe | Diabetes [Internet]. Cited Aug 2015. Retrieved from: euro.who.int/en/health-topics/noncommunicable-diseases/diabetes/diabetes
  146. Tamayo T, Rosenbauer J, Wild SH et al. (2014). Diabetes in Europe: an update. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 103(2):206-217.
  147. Hu FB, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ et al. (2001). Lifestyle, and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in women. N Engl J Med, 345(11):790-797.
  148. Gray SP, and Jandeleit-Dahm K. (2014). The pathobiology of diabetic vascular complications – cardiovascular and kidney disease. J Mol Med, 92(5):441-452.
  149. Koppes LL, Dekker JM, Hendriks HF et al. (2005). Moderate alcohol consumption lowers the risk of type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of prospective observational studies. Diabetes Care, 28(3):719-725.
  150. Baliunas DO, Taylor BJ, Irving H et al. (2009). Alcohol as a risk factor for type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Care, 32(11):2123-2132.
  151. Beulens JW, van der Schouw YT, Bergmann MM et al. (2012). Alcohol consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes in European men and women: influence of beverage type and body size: The EPIC-InterAct study. J Intern Med, 272(4):358-370.
  152. Knott C, Bell S and Britton A (2015). Alcohol consumption and the risk of type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of more than 1.9 million individuals from 38 observational studies. Diabetes Care, 38(9):1804-1812.
  153. Mumenthaler MS, Taylor JL, O’Hara R et al. (1999). Gender differences in moderate drinking effects. Alcohol Res Health, 23(1):55-64.
  154. Sieri S, Agudo A, Kesse E et al. (2002). Patterns of alcohol consumption in 10 European countries participating in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) project. Public Health Nutr, 5(6B):1287-1296.
  155. Joosten MM, Chiuve SE, Mukamal KJ et al. (2011). Changes in alcohol consumption and subsequent risk of type 2 diabetes in men. Diabetes, 60(1):74-79.
  156. Joosten MM, Grobbee DE, van der A DL et al. (2010). Combined effect of alcohol consumption and lifestyle behaviors on risk of type 2 diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr, 91(6):1777-1783.
  157. Beulens JW, Rimm EB, Hu FB et al. (2008). Alcohol consumption, mediating biomarkers, and risk of type 2 diabetes among middle-aged women. Diabetes Care, 31(10):2050-2055.
  158. Snijder MB, Heine RJ, Seidell JC et al. (2006). Associations of adiponectin levels with incident impaired glucose metabolism and type 2 diabetes in older men and women: the hoorn study. Diabetes Care, 29(11):2498-2503.
  159. Li S, Shin HJ, Ding EL et al. (2009). Adiponectin levels and risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA, 302(2):179-188.
  160. Hung J, McQuillan BM, Thompson PL et al. (2008). Circulating adiponectin levels associate with inflammatory markers, insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome independent of obesity. Int J Obes, 32(5):772-779.
  161. Turer AT, Khera A, Ayers CR et al. (2011). Adipose tissue mass and location affect circulating adiponectin levels. Diabetologia, 54(10):2515-2524.
  162. Schrieks IC, Heil AL, Hendriks HF et al. (2015). The effect of alcohol consumption on insulin sensitivity and glycemic status: a systematic review and meta-analysis of intervention studies. Diabetes Care, 38(4):723-732.
  163. Siler SQ, Neese RA, and Hellerstein MK (1999). De novo lipogenesis, lipid kinetics, and whole-body lipid balances in humans after acute alcohol consumption. Am J Clin Nutr, 70(5):928-936.
  164. Avogaro A, Watanabe RM, Gottardo L et al. (2002). Glucose tolerance during moderate alcohol intake: insights on insulin action from glucose/lactate dynamics. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 87(3):1233-1238.
  165. Kraegen EW, and Cooney GJ (2008). Free fatty acids and skeletal muscle insulin resistance. Curr Opin Lipidol, 19(3):235-241.
  166. Hendriks HF (2007). Moderate alcohol consumption and insulin sensitivity: observations and possible mechanisms. Ann Epidemiol, 17(5):S40-S42.
  167. Romeo J, Wärnberg J et al. (2007). Moderate alcohol consumption and the immune system: a review. Br J Nutr, 98(S1):S111-S115.
  168. Wang X, Bao W, Liu J et al. (2013). Inflammatory markers and risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Care, 36(1):166-175.
  169. Turner BC, Jenkins E, Kerr D et al. (2001). The effect of evening alcohol consumption on next-morning glucose control in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 24(11):1888-1893.
  170. Howard AA, Arnsten JH, and Gourevitch MN (2004). Effect of alcohol consumption on diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med, 140(3):211-219.
  171. Zhang PY (2014). Cardiovascular disease in diabetes. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci, 18(15):2205-2214.
  172. Koppes LL, Dekker JM, Hendriks HF et al. (2006). Meta-analysis of the relationship between alcohol consumption and coronary heart disease and mortality in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetologia, 49(4):648-652.
  173. Beulens JW, Algra A, Soedamah-Muthu SS et al. (2010). Alcohol consumption and risk of recurrent cardiovascular events and mortality in patients with clinically manifest vascular disease and diabetes mellitus: the Second Manifestations of ARTerial (SMART) disease study. Atherosclerosis, 212(1):281-286.
  174. Beulens JW, Kruidhof JS, Grobbee DE et al. (2008). Alcohol consumption and risk of microvascular complications in type 1 diabetes patients: the EURODIAB Prospective Complications Study. Diabetologia, 51(9):1631-1638.
  175. Wannamethee SG, Shaper AG, and Alberti KG (2000). Physical activity, metabolic factors, and the incidence of coronary heart disease and type 2 diabetes. Arch Intern Med, 160(14):2108-2116.
  176. WHO Europe | Diabetes – Data and statistics [Internet]. Cited 21 Sep 2015. Retrieved from: euro.who.int/en/health-topics/noncommunicable-diseases/diabetes/data-and-statistics
  177. Augustin LS, Kendall CW, Jenkins DJ et al. (2015). Glycemic index, glycemic load and glycemic response: An International Scientific Consensus Summit from the International Carbohydrate Quality Consortium (ICQC). Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis, 25(9):795-815.
  178. Hätönen KA, Virtamo J, Eriksson JG et al. (2012). Modifying effects of alcohol on the postprandial glucose and insulin responses in healthy subjects. Am J Clin Nutr, 96(1):44-49.
  179. Sluik D, Atkinson F, Brand-Miller J et al. (2016). Contributors to dietary glycaemic index and glycaemic load in the Netherlands: the role of beer. Br J Nutr, Epub.
  180. Glycemic Index [Internet]. Cited 21 Sep 2015. Retrieved from: glycemicindex.com/
  181. Bhupathiraju SN, Tobias DK, Malik VS et al. (2014). Glycemic index, glycemic load, and risk of type 2 diabetes: results from 3 large US cohorts and an updated meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr, 100(1):218-232.
  182. Brand-Miller JC, Fatema K, Fatima K et al. (2007). Effect of alcoholic beverages on postprandial glycemia and insulinemia in lean, young, healthy adults. Am J Clin Nutr, 85(6):1545-1551.
  183. Mann JI, De Leeuw I, Hermansen K et al. (2004). Evidence-based nutritional approaches to the treatment and prevention of diabetes mellitus. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis, 14(6):373-394.
  184. Steliarova-Foucher E, O’Callaghan M, Ferlay J et al. (2015). The European Cancer Observatory: A new data resource. Eur J Cancer, 51(9):1131-1143.
  185. WHO Europe | Cancer – Data and statistics [Internet]. Cited May 2015. Retrieved from: euro.who.int/en/health-topics/noncommunicable-diseases/cancer/data-and-statistics
  186. Cancer incidence and mortality in Europe [Internet]. Cited Jul 2015. Retrieved from: http://eu-cancer.iarc.fr/EUCAN/Country.aspx?ISOCountryCd=968#block-pie-a
  187. Anand P, Kunnumakkara AB, Kunnumakara AB et al. (2008). Cancer is a preventable disease that requires major lifestyle changes. Pharm Res, 25(9):2097-2116.
  188. Schüz J, Espina C, Villain P et al. (2015). European Code against Cancer 4th edition: 12 ways to reduce your cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol, Epub.
  189. Schütze M, Boeing H, Pischon T et al. (2011). Alcohol attributable burden of incidence of cancer in eight European countries based on results from prospective cohort study. BMJ, 342:d1584.
  190. Scoccianti C, Cecchini M, Anderson AS et al. (2015). European Code against Cancer 4th Edition: Alcohol drinking and cancer. Cancer Epidemiol, Epub.
  191. Smith-Warner SA, Spiegelman D, Yaun SS et al. (1998). Alcohol and breast cancer in women: a pooled analysis of cohort studies. JAMA, 279(7):535-540.
  192. Hamajima N, Hirose K, Tajima K et al. (2002). Alcohol, tobacco and breast cancer–collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 53 epidemiological studies, including 58,515 women with breast cancer and 95,067 women without the disease. Br J Cancer, 87(11):1234-1245.
  193. Tjønneland A, Christensen J, Olsen A et al. (2007). Alcohol intake and breast cancer risk: the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Cancer Causes Control, 18(4):361-373.
  194. Seitz HK, Pelucchi C, Bagnardi V et al. (2012). Epidemiology and pathophysiology of alcohol and breast cancer: Update 2012. Alcohol Alcohol, 47(3):204-212.
  195. Bagnardi V, Rota M, Botteri E et al. (2013). Light alcohol drinking and cancer: a meta-analysis. Ann Oncol, 24(2):301-308.
  196. Romieu I, Scoccianti C, Chajès V et al. (2015). Alcohol intake and breast cancer in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition. Int J Cancer, 137(8):1921-1930.
  197. Zhang SM, Lee I-M, Manson JE et al. (2007). Alcohol consumption and breast cancer risk in the Women’s Health Study. Am J Epidemiol, 165(6):667-676.
  198. Lew JQ, Freedman ND, Leitzmann MF et al. (2009). Alcohol and risk of breast cancer by histologic type and hormone receptor status in postmenopausal women: the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study. Am J Epidemiol, 170(3):308-317.
  199. Li CI, Chlebowski RT, Freiberg M et al. (2010). Alcohol consumption and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer by subtype: the women’s health initiative observational study. J Natl Cancer Inst, 102(18):1422-1431.
  200. Chen WY, Rosner B, Hankinson SE et al. (2011). Moderate alcohol consumption during adult life, drinking patterns, and breast cancer risk. JAMA, 306(17):1884-1890.
  201. Scoccianti C, Lauby-Secretan B, Bello PY et al. (2014). Female breast cancer and alcohol consumption: a review of the literature. Am J Prev Med, 46(3 Suppl 1):S16-S25.
  202. Bagnardi V, Rota M, Botteri E et al. (2015). Alcohol consumption and site-specific cancer risk: a comprehensive dose-response meta-analysis. Br J Cancer, 112(3):580-593.
  203. Klarich DS, Brasser SM, and Hong MY (2015). Moderate alcohol consumption and colorectal cancer risk. Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 39(8):1280-1291.
  204. Wang Y, Duan H, Yang H et al. (2015). A pooled analysis of alcohol intake and colorectal cancer. Int J Clin Exp Med, 8(5):6878-6889.
  205. Ben Q, Wang L, Liu J et al. (2015). Alcohol drinking and the risk of colorectal adenoma: a dose-response meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer Prev, 24(4):286-295.
  206. Hashibe M, Brennan P, Chuang SC et al. (2009). Interaction between tobacco and alcohol use and the risk of head and neck cancer: pooled analysis in the International Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology Consortium. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 18(2):541-550.
  207. Chuang SC, Lee YC, Wu GJ et al. (2015). Alcohol consumption and liver cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Cancer Causes Control, 26(9):1205-1231.
  208. Seitz HK, and Stickel F (2007). Molecular mechanisms of alcohol-mediated carcinogenesis. Nat Rev Cancer, 7(8):599-612.
  209. Seitz HK, Simanowski UA, Garzon FT et al. (1990). Possible role of acetaldehyde in ethanol-related rectal cocarcinogenesis in the rat. Gastroenterology, 98(2):406-413.
  210. Homann N, Jousimies-Somer H, Jokelainen K et al. (1997). High acetaldehyde levels in saliva after ethanol consumption: methodological aspects and pathogenetic implications. Carcinogenesis, 18(9):1739-1743.
  211. Schwabe RF, and Jobin C (2013). The microbiome and cancer. Nat Rev Cancer, 13(11):800-812.
  212. Dorgan JF, Baer DJ, Albert PS et al. (2001). Serum hormones and the alcohol-breast cancer association in postmenopausal women. J Natl Cancer Inst, 93(9):710-715.
  213. Rinaldi S, Peeters PH, Bezemer ID et al. (2006). Relationship of alcohol intake and sex steroid concentrations in blood in pre- and post-menopausal women: the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Cancer Causes Control, 17(8):1033-1043.
  214. Hamid A, Wani NA, and Kaur J. (2009). New perspectives on folate transport in relation to alcoholism-induced folate malabsorption–association with epigenome stability and cancer development. FEBS J, 276(8):2175-2191.
  215. Lachenmeier DW, Przybylski MC, and Rehm J (2012). Comparative risk assessment of carcinogens in alcoholic beverages using the margin of exposure approach. Int J Cancer, 131(6):E995-E1003.
  216. Spiegelhalder B, Eisenbrand G, and Preussmann R (1979). Contamination of beer with trace quantities of N-nitrosodimethylamine. Food Cosmet Toxicol, 17(1):29-31.
  217. IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks of Chemicals to Humans (1978). IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks of chemicals to humans. Some N-nitroso compounds. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum, 17:1-365.
  218. Lachenmeier DW, and Fügel D (2007). Reduction of nitrosamines in beer: review of a success story. Brew Sci, 60:84-89.
  219. Song DY, Song S, Song Y, and Lee JE (2012). Alcohol intake and renal cell cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Br J Cancer, 106(11):1881-1890.
  220. Wozniak MB, Brennan P, Brenner DR et al. (2015). Alcohol consumption and the risk of renal cancers in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition (EPIC). Int J Cancer, 137(8):1953-1966.
  221. Kitahara CM, Linet MS, Beane Freeman LE et al. (2012). Cigarette smoking, alcohol intake, and thyroid cancer risk: a pooled analysis of five prospective studies in the United States. Cancer Causes Control, 23(10):1615-1624.
  222. Sen A, Tsilidis KK, Allen NE et al. (2015). Baseline and lifetime alcohol consumption and risk of differentiated thyroid carcinoma in the EPIC study. Br J Nutr, 113(5):840-847.
  223. Tramacere I, Pelucchi C, Bonifazi M et al. (2012). Alcohol drinking and non-Hodgkin lymphoma risk: a systematic review and a meta-analysis. Ann Oncol, 23(11):2791-2798.
  224. Tramacere I, Pelucchi C, Bonifazi M et al. (2012). A meta-analysis on alcohol drinking and the risk of Hodgkin lymphoma. Eur J Cancer Prev, 21(3):268-273.
  225. Ahmad Kiadaliri A, Jarl J, Gavriilidis G et al. (2013). Alcohol drinking cessation and the risk of laryngeal and pharyngeal cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One, 8(3):e58158.
  226. Jarl J, and Gerdtham UG (2012). Time pattern of reduction in risk of oesophageal cancer following alcohol cessation–a meta-analysis. Addiction, 107(7):1234-1243.
  227. Heckley GA, Jarl J, Asamoah BO et al. (2011). How the risk of liver cancer changes after alcohol cessation: a review and meta-analysis of the current literature. BMC Cancer, 11:446.
  228. Newcomb PA, Kampman E, Trentham-Dietz A et al. (2013). Alcohol consumption before and after breast cancer diagnosis: associations with survival from breast cancer, cardiovascular disease, and other causes. J Clin Oncol, 31(16):1939-1946.
  229. Doyle JJ, Neugut AI, Jacobson JS et al. (2005). Chemotherapy and cardiotoxicity in older breast cancer patients: a population-based study. J Clin Oncol, 23(34):8597-8605.
  230. WHO | Cancer [Internet]. Cited Jul 2015. Retrieved from: who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs297/en/
  231. McPherson K, Steel CM, and Dixon JM (2000). ABC of breast diseases. Breast cancer-epidemiology, risk factors, and genetics. BMJ, 321(7261):624-628.
  232. Riley EP, Infante MA, and Warren KR (2011). Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: an overview. Neuropsychol Rev, 21(2):73-80.
  233. Giedd JN, Blumenthal J, Jeffries NO et al. (1999). Brain development during childhood and adolescence: a longitudinal MRI study. Nature neurosci, 2(10):861-863.
  234. Gulley JM, and Juraska JM (2013). The effects of abused drugs on adolescent development of corticolimbic circuitry and behavior. Neuroscience, 249:3-20.
  235. Mattson SN, and Riley EP (1998). A review of the neurobehavioral deficits in children with fetal alcohol syndrome or prenatal exposure to alcohol. Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 22(2):279-294.
  236. Brust JC (2010). Ethanol and cognition: indirect effects, neurotoxicity and neuroprotection: a review. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 7(4):1540-1557.
  237. Moss HB, Kirisci L, Gordon HW et al. (1994). A neuropsychologic profile of adolescent alcoholics. Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 18(1):159-163.
  238. Tarter RE, Mezzich AC, Hsieh YC et al. (1995). Cognitive capacity in female adolescent substance abusers. Drug Alcohol Depend, 39(1):15-21.
  239. Brown SA, Tapert SF, Granholm E et al. (2000). Neurocognitive functioning of adolescents: effects of protracted alcohol use. Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 24(2):164-171.
  240. Schweinsburg AD, McQueeny T, Nagel BJ et al. (2010). A preliminary study of functional magnetic resonance imaging response during verbal encoding among adolescent binge drinkers. Alcohol, 44(1):111-117.
  241. Squeglia LM, Schweinsburg AD, Pulido C et al. (2011). Adolescent binge drinking linked to abnormal spatial working memory brain activation: differential gender effects. Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 35(10):1831-1841.
  242. Hendriks HFJ, and Schrieks IC (2015). Adolescent alcohol consumption: Brain health outcomes. J Child Adolesc Behav, 3(5). Epub.
  243. Ward A, Arrighi HM, Michels S et al. (2012). Mild cognitive impairment: disparity of incidence and prevalence estimates. Alzheimers Dement, 8(1):14-21.
  244. World Alzheimer Report 2015. The Global Impact of Dementia. An analysis of prevalence, incidence, cost and trends [Internet]. Cited Jan 2016. Retrieved from: http://www.alz.co.uk/research/world-report-2015.
  245. Anstey KJ, Mack HA, and Cherbuin N (2009). Alcohol consumption as a risk factor for dementia and cognitive decline: meta-analysis of prospective studies. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry, 17(7):542-555.
  246. Neafsey EJ, and Collins MA (2011). Moderate alcohol consumption and cognitive risk. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat, 7:465-484.
  247. Sabia S, Elbaz A, Britton A et al. (2014). Alcohol consumption and cognitive decline in early old age. Neurology, 82(4):332-339.
  248. Almeida OP, Hankey GJ, Yeap BB et al. (2014). Alcohol consumption and cognitive impairment in older men: a mendelian randomization study. Neurology, 82(12):1038-1044.
  249. Solfrizzi V, D’Introno A, Colacicco AM et al. (2007). Alcohol consumption, mild cognitive impairment, and progression to dementia. Neurology, 68(21):1790-1799.
  250. Xu G, Liu X, Yin Q et al. (2009). Alcohol consumption and transition of mild cognitive impairment to dementia. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, 63(1):43-49.
  251. Scarmeas N, Luchsinger JA, Schupf N et al. (2009). Physical activity, diet, and risk of Alzheimer disease. JAMA, 302(6):627-637.
  252. Panza F, Frisardi V, Seripa D et al. (2012). Alcohol consumption in mild cognitive impairment and dementia: harmful or neuroprotective? Int J Geriatr Psychiatry, 27(12):1218-1238.
  253. von Campenhausen S, Bornschein B, Wick R et al. (2005). Prevalence and incidence of Parkinson’s disease in Europe. Eur Neuropsychopharmacology, 15(4):473-490.
  254. Wirdefeldt K, Adami HO, Cole P et al. (2011). Epidemiology and etiology of Parkinson’s disease: a review of the evidence. Eur J Epidemiol, 26 Suppl 1:S1-S58.
  255. Zhang D, Jiang H, and Xie J (2014). Alcohol intake and risk of Parkinson’s disease: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Mov Disord, 29(6):819-822.
  256. Gaffo AL, Roseman JM, Jacobs DR et al. (2010). Serum urate and its relationship with alcoholic beverage intake in men and women: findings from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) cohort. Ann Rheum Dis, 69(11):1965-1970.
  257. Shen C, Guo Y, Luo W et al. (2013). Serum urate and the risk of Parkinson’s disease: results from a meta-analysis. Can J Neurol Sci, 40(1):73-79.
  258. Barr T, Helms C, Grant K et al. (2015). Opposing effects of alcohol on the immune system. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry, Epub.
  259. Hernlund E, Svedbom A, Ivergård M et al. (2013). Osteoporosis in the European Union: medical management, epidemiology and economic burden. A report prepared in collaboration with the International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF) and the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industry Associations (EFPIA). Arch Osteoporos, 8:136.
  260. Tucker KL, Jugdaohsingh R, Powell JJ et al. (2009). Effects of beer, wine, and liquor intakes on bone mineral density in older men and women. Am J Clin Nutr, 89(4):1188-1196.
  261. Maurel DB, Boisseau N, Benhamou CL et al. (2012). Alcohol and bone: review of dose effects and mechanisms. Osteoporosis Int, 23(1):1-16.
  262. Jugdaohsingh R, O’Connell MA, Sripanyakorn S et al. (2006). Moderate alcohol consumption and increased bone mineral density: potential ethanol and non-ethanol mechanisms. Proc Nutr Soc, 65(03):291-310.
  263. Musculoskeletal health status in Europe version 5 [Internet]. Cited 1 Oct 2015. Retrieved from: eumusc.net/workpackages_wp4.cfm
  264. Scott IC, Tan R, Stahl D (2013). The protective effect of alcohol on developing rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Rheumatology, 52(5):856-867.
  265. Lu B, Solomon DH, Costenbader KH et al. (2014). Alcohol consumption and risk of incident rheumatoid arthritis in women: a prospective study. Arthritis Rheumatol, 66(8):1998-2005.
  266. Annemans L, Spaepen E, Gaskin M et al. (2008). Gout in the UK and Germany: prevalence, comorbidities and management in general practice 2000-2005. Ann Rheum Dis, 67(7):960-966.
  267. Wang M, Jiang X, Wu W et al. (2013). A meta-analysis of alcohol consumption and the risk of gout. Clin Rheumatol, 32(11):1641-1648.
  268. Xu C, Zhang C, Wang XL et al. (2015). Self-fluid management in prevention of kidney stones: a PRISMA-compliant systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of observational studies. Medicine, 94(27):e1042.
  269. Rule AD, Krambeck AE, and Lieske JC (2011). Chronic kidney disease in kidney stone formers. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 6(8):2069-2075.
  270. de Jong PE, van der Velde M, Gansevoort RT et al. (2008). Screening for chronic kidney disease: where does Europe go? Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 3(2):616-623.
  271. Buja A, Vinelli A, Lion C et al. (2014). Is moderate alcohol consumption a risk factor for kidney function decline? A systematic review of observational studies. J Ren Nutr, 24(4):224-235.
  272. Shaffer EA (2006). Epidemiology of gallbladder stone disease. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol, 20(6):981-996.
  273. Banim PJ, Luben RN, Bulluck H et al. (2011). The aetiology of symptomatic gallstones quantification of the effects of obesity, alcohol and serum lipids on risk. Epidemiological and biomarker data from a UK prospective cohort study (EPIC-Norfolk). Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 23(8):733-740.
  274. Leitzmann MF, Tsai CJ, Stampfer MJ et al. (2003). Alcohol consumption in relation to risk of cholecystectomy in women. Am J Clin Nutr, 78(2):339-347.
  275. Peele S, and Brodsky A (2000). Exploring psychological benefits associated with moderate alcohol use: a necessary corrective to assessments of drinking outcomes? Drug Alcohol Depend, 60(3):221-247.
  276. Aan Het Rot M, Russell JJ, Moskowitz DS et al. (2008). Alcohol in a social context: findings from event-contingent recording studies of everyday social interactions. Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 32(3):459-71.
  277. Chan AM, von Mühlen D, Kritz-Silverstein D et al. (2009). Regular alcohol consumption is associated with increasing quality of life and mood in older men and women: the Rancho Bernardo Study. Maturitas, 62(3):294-300.
  278. French MT, and Zavala SK (2007). The health benefits of moderate drinking revisited: alcohol use and self-reported health status. Am J Health Promot, 21(6):484-491.
  279. Zale EL, Maisto SA, and Ditre JW (2015). Interrelations between pain and alcohol: An integrative review. Clin Psychol Rev, 37:57-71.
  280. Singh A, and Misra N (2009). Loneliness, depression and sociability in old age. Ind Psychiatry J, 18(1):51-55.
  281. Byles J, Young A, Furuya H et al. (2006). A drink to healthy aging: The association between older women’s use of alcohol and their health-related quality of life. J Am Geriatr Soc, 54(9):1341-1347.
  282. Kaplan MS, Huguet N, Feeny D et al. (2012). Alcohol use patterns and trajectories of health-related quality of life in middle-aged and older adults: a 14-year population-based study. J Stud Alcohol Drugs, 73(4):581.
  283. Pearl R (1926). Alcohol and Longevity. New York: A.A. Knopf.
  284. Corrao G, Bagnardi V, Zambon A et al. (2004). A meta-analysis of alcohol consumption and the risk of 15 diseases. Prev Med, 38(5):613-619.
  285. Di Castelnuovo A, Costanzo S, Bagnardi V et al. (2006). Alcohol dosing and total mortality in men and women: an updated meta-analysis of 34 prospective studies. Arch Intern Med, 166(22):2437-2445.
  286. Wang C, Xue H, Wang Q et al. (2014). Effect of drinking on all-cause mortality in women compared with men: a meta-analysis. J Womens Health, 23(5):373-381.
  287. Jayasekara H, English DR, Room R et al. (2014). Alcohol consumption over time and risk of death: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Epidemiol, 179(9):1049-1059.
  288. Bergmann MM, Rehm J, Klipstein-Grobusch K et al. (2013). The association of pattern of lifetime alcohol use and cause of death in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition (EPIC) study. Int J Epidemiol, 42(6):1772-1790.
  289. Jayasekara H, MacInnis RJ, Hodge AM et al. (2014). Alcohol consumption for different periods in life, intake pattern over time and all-cause mortality. J Public Health, Epub.
  290. Britton A, Ben-Shlomo Y, Benzeval M et al. (2015). Life course trajectories of alcohol consumption in the United Kingdom using longitudinal data from nine cohort studies. BMC Med, 13:47.
  291. Grønbaek M, Johansen D, Becker U et al. (2004). Changes in alcohol intake and mortality: a longitudinal population-based study. Epidemiology, 15(2):222-228.
  292. Klatsky AL, and Udaltsova N (2013). Abounding confounding: sick quitters and healthy drinkers. Addiction, 108(9):1549-1552.
  293. Shaper AG, Wannamethee G, and Walker M (1988). Alcohol and mortality in British men: explaining the U-shaped curve. Lancet, 2(8623):1267-1273.
  294. Jackson R, Broad J, Connor J et al. (2005). Alcohol and ischaemic heart disease: probably no free lunch. Lancet, 366(9501):1911-1912.
  295. Naimi TS, Xuan Z, Brown DW et al. (2013). Confounding and studies of ‘moderate’ alcohol consumption: the case of drinking frequency and implications for low-risk drinking guidelines. Addiction, 108(9):1534-1543.
  296. Feunekes GI, van ’t Veer P, van Staveren WA et al. (1999). Alcohol intake assessment: the sober facts. Am J Epidemiol, 150(1):105-112.
  297. Klatsky AL, Gunderson EP, Kipp H et al. (2006). Higher prevalence of systemic hypertension among moderate alcohol drinkers: an exploration of the role of underreporting. J Stud Alcohol, 67(3):421-428.
  298. Holahan CJ, Schutte KK, Brennan PL et al. (2015). Drinking level, drinking pattern, and twenty-year total mortality among late-life drinkers. J Stud Alcohol Drugs, 76(4):552-558.
  299. Klatsky AL (2015). Alcohol and cardiovascular diseases: where do we stand today? J Intern Med, 278(3):238-250.
  300. Thomassen HR (1995). Gender differences in alcohol metabolism: physiological responses to ethanol. Recent Dev Alcohol, 12:163-179.
  301. WHO Europe | Nutrition – A healthy lifestyle [Internet]. Cited 13 Oct 2015. Retrieved from: euro.who.int/en/health-topics/disease-prevention/nutrition/a-healthy-lifestyle

 

You must be of the legal drinking age in your country to visit this site.

I am of the legal drinking age in my country

Pin It on Pinterest

Shares
Share This